Who gains and who loses on stock markets? Risk preferences and timing matter

International audienceThis paper uses an agent-based multi-asset model to examine the effect of risk preferences and optimal rebalancing frequency on performance measures while tracking profit and risk-adjusted return. We focus on the evolution of portfolios managed by heterogeneous mean-variance optimizers with a quadratic utility function under different market conditions. We show that patient and risk-averse agents are able to outperform aggressive risk-takers in the long-run. Our findings also suggest that the trading frequency determined by the optimal tolerance for the deviation from portfolio targets should be derived from a tradeoff between rebalancing benefits and rebalancing costs. In a relatively calm market, the absolute range of 6% to 8% and the complete-way back rebalancing technique outperforms others. During particular turbulent periods, however, none of the existing rebalancing techniques improves tax-adjusted profits and risk-adjusted returns simultaneously