Height, nutritional and economic inequality in central Spain, 1837-1936

This article analyzes the evolution of inequality in mean male height in central Spain considering the generations born from 1837 to 1915, measured in the drafts from 1858 to 1936 (n = 53,503). Mean adult height reflects a crude indicator of net nutritional status, a proxy for currently known measures of stunting and wasting. The results reveal a cycle of stagnation and decline in average height at the age of 21 for those born from the 1850s to the 1870s and a subsequent positive secular trend to exceed baseline levels. The coefficient of variation shows how inequality in height followed an opposite pattern, with an increase in the mid-nineteenth century and a subsequent decline, with an overall decline. The great migratory wave towards Latin America (1880¿1930) barely affected the area studied here. The available evidence on the occupations and educational level of the recruits reveals a ranking in average height related to family background and personal income, educational level and literacy, propinquity to food and ownership and/or management of land. Therefore, socioeconomic status largely predicted adult height in Spanish men during the period. Reducing absolute poverty and increasing access to education remain cornerstones to reducing malnutrition, even in the current world.This research was funded by Universidad Complutense de Madrid, predoctoral fellowship FPI-UCM 2005-2009 and the Universidad Pública de Navarra research group 315 'History and Economics'. It is also included within the Research Projects PID 2019-109336GB-I00 (MICIU/AEI/FEDER/UE-Gobierno de España), HAR2016-76814-C2-2-P (MINECO/AEI/FEDER/UE-Gobierno de España) and PID2020-113793GB-I00 (MICIU/AEI/FEDER/UE-Gobierno de España), as well as in the Research Network PHA-HIS RED2018-102413-T (MICINN-MICIU/AEI/FEDER/UE-Gobierno de España)