Recovery trajectories and community resilience of biofilms in receiving rivers after wastewater treatment plant upgrade.

Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) upgrades can reduce both nutrient and micropollutant emissions into receiving rivers, thus modifying the composition and function of biological communities. However, how microbial communities vary and whether they can be restored to levels found in less-polluted rivers remains uncertain. Aquatic biofilms are sensitive to environmental change and respond rapidly to bottom-up pressure. Thus, we used 12 flumes configured in three experimental treatments to mimic the dynamic processes of biofilm microbial communities occurring in a wastewater-receiving river following WWTP upgrade, with rivers containing two levels of nutrients and micropollutants used as references. We compared the biofilm microbial biomass, carbon source utilization, and community composition among the three "blocks". Results showed that the metabolic patterns of the carbon sources and composition of the biofilm bacterial communities in the flumes mimicking a receiving river with WWTP upgrade recovered over time to those mimicking a less-disturbed river. The restoration of potential carboxylic acid-consuming denitrifying bacteria (i.e., Zoogloea, Comamonas, Dechloromonas, and Acinetobacter) likely played a significant role in this process. Combining quantitative analysis of the denitrification genes nirS and nosZ, we confirmed that the denitrification function of the river biofilms recovered after WWTP upgrade, consistent with our previous field investigation