Intermittent theta burst stimulation over the parietal cortex has a significant neural effect on working memory.

The crucial role of the parietal cortex in working memory (WM) storage has been identified by fMRI studies. However, it remains unknown whether repeated parietal intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) can improve WM. In this within-subject randomized controlled study, under the guidance of fMRI-identified parietal activation in the left hemisphere, 22 healthy adults received real and sham iTBS sessions (five consecutive days, 600 pulses per day for each session) with an interval of 9 months between the two sessions. Electroencephalography signals of each subject before and after both iTBS sessions were collected during a change detection task. Changes in contralateral delay activity (CDA) and K-score were then calculated to reflect neural and behavioral WM improvement. Repeated-measures ANOVA suggested that real iTBS increased CDA more than the sham one (p = .011 for iTBS effect). Further analysis showed that this effect was more significant in the left hemisphere than in the right hemisphere (p = .029 for the hemisphere-by-iTBS interaction effect). Pearson correlation analyses showed significant correlations for two conditions between CDA changes in the left hemisphere and K score changes (ps <.05). In terms of the behavioral results, significant K score changes after real iTBS were observed for two conditions, but a repeated-measures ANOVA showed a nonsignificant main effect of iTBS (p = .826). These results indicate that the current iTBS protocol is a promising way to improve WM capability based on the neural indicator (CDA) but further optimization is needed to produce a behavioral effect