This thesis contributes to the cryptanalysis effort needed to trust symmetric-key primitives like block-ciphers or pseudorandom generators. In particular, it studies a family of distinguishers based on subspace trails against SPN ciphers. This thesis also provides methods for modeling frequent cryptanalysis problems into MILP (Mixed-Integer Linear Programming) problems to allow cryptographers to benefit from the existence of very efficient MILP solvers. Finally, it presents techniques to analyze algebraic properties of symmetric-key primitives which could be useful to mount cube attacks.Cette thèse contribue à l’effort de cryptanalyse de primitives symétriques comme les chiffrements par bloc ou les générateurs pseudo-aléatoires. Elle étudie...