Liquid holdup optical measurements for horizontal stratified flows with an opaque fluid layer

This study presents a method to measure the void fraction in presence of a stratified three-phase flow with an opaque fluid like foam. The commonly used resistive probes, which were successfully applied for air-water flows, fail in detecting the liquid/foam interface due to the variable conductivity of foam. To overcome this problem, a new optical method was developed. A probe consisting of a steel rod covered in red vinyl plastic with a black measuring scale having 1 mm resolution was introduced radially into the flow; the foam layer, being opaque, can be easily identified against the measuring scale in a side view of the flow. The behavior over time of the liquid-foam interface was thus recorded through a video camera. A couple of small LED lamps provided the lighting to record the scene. The videos were then processed to count the measuring scale marks below the foam layer in order to get the instantaneous values of liquid layer depth. Measurements were performed at different pipe sections. The results were compared to those obtained for air-water flows at the same superficial velocities, with the latter ranging from 0.76 to 2.30 m/s for air and 0.03 to 0.06 m/s for water respectively. A liquid loading reduction up to 41 % was detected at the lowest gas superficial velocity, i.e. 1 m/s, while when the gas superficial velocity increases the difference in the liquid holdup lowers and becomes negligible at 2.30 m/s, regardless the value of the liquid superficial velocity. Since no specific model exists for foamy flows, as a first attempt the Zuber and Findlay drift-flux model was finally adopted to correlate the data