Short-term traffic flow prediction based on whale optimization algorithm optimized BiLSTM_Attention

Funding Information: This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019YFE0126100), the Key Research and Development Program in Zhejiang Province of China (2019C54005). Funding Information: Science and Technology project of Zhejiang Province, 2019C54005; The National Key Research and Development Program of China, 2019YFE0126100 Funding information Publisher Copyright: © 2022 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.With the growths in population and vehicles, traffic flow becomes more complex and uncertain disruptions occur more often. Accurate prediction of urban traffic flow is important for intelligent decision-making and warning, however, remains a challenge. Many researchers have applied neural network methods, such as convolutional neural networks and recurrent neural networks, for traffic flow prediction modeling, but training the conventional network that can obtain the best network parameters and structure is difficult, different hyperparameters lead to different network structures. Therefore, this article proposes a traffic flow prediction model based on the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) optimized BiLSTM_Attention structure to solve this problem. The traffic flow is predicted first using the BiLSTM_Attention network which is then optimized by using the WOA to obtain its four best parameters, including the learning rate, the training times, and the numbers of the nodes of two hidden layers. Finally, the four best parameters are used to build a WOA_BiLSTM_Attention model. The proposed model is compared with both conventional neural network model and neural network model optimized by the WOA. Based on the evaluation metrics of MAPE, RMSE, MAE, and R2, the WOA_BiLSTM_Attention model proposed in this article presents the best performance.Peer reviewe