Expert‐Guided Security Risk Assessment of Evolving Power Grids

Funding Information: This work was supported in part by the Finnish public funding agency for research, Business Finland under the project “5G VIIMA”, grant number 6430/31/2018. Funding Information: Funding: This work was supported in part by the Finnish public funding agency for research, Busi‐ ness Finland under the project “5G VIIMA”, grant number 6430/31/2018. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Electric power grids, which form an essential part of the critical infrastructure, are evolving into highly distributed, dynamic networks in order to address the climate change. This fundamental transition relies on extensive automation solutions based on communications and information technologies. Thus, it also gives rise to new attack points for malicious actors and conse-quently, increases the vulnerability of the electric energy system. This study presents a qualitative assessment of power grid cybersecurity through expert interviews across countries in Europe and the U.S. to gain understanding of the latest developments and trends in the cybersecurity of future electric energy systems. The horizon of the assessment is 10 years spanning until the early 2030s. Thereafter, the study identifies how and to which extent the risks identified to be most significant are understood and addressed in the latest research and industry publications aiming at identifying areas deserving specific further attention. The most significant threats based on the assessment are False Data Injection (FDI), Denial of Service (DoS) supply chain, and ransomware and malware attacks.Peer reviewe