145 pages including appendices.In the present thesis, two new classes of phenomenological models in the framework of the continuum thermodynamics and gradient theory are proposed. The first one is standard gradient constitutive model used to deal with the mechanical problems at micro-scale, and the other concerns gradient fatigue criteria for the problems at small scale. Using these, some common effects which are not captured yet in the classical mechanics but become significant at sufficiently small scales, are taken into account. For each class, the size and gradient effects which are the two effects most commonly discussed and very confused between each other in the literature, are clearly distinct and demonstrated to be integrated into ...