The general frame of this thesis is the study of statistical properties of polymer chains at interfaces. This is a theoretical work which aims at linking macroscopic observables (thickness, amount of adsorbed material, surface tension) to the microscopic organization of chains. The polymer layer is described in terms of loops and tails formed by adsorbed polymers, by combining the statistical physics of a loop population of different sizes and scaling laws. First, a formal link is established between this phenomenological approach and first principles of polymer statistical physics, by arguing that this description is a variational theory. Then, this theory is applied to the issue of the surface tension of polymer liquids (semi-dilute solut...