Coastal ecosystems are exposed to many disturbances leading to the alteration of their structure and functioning. In order to assess the respective roles of natural variability and anthropogenic influences on this process, and to predict the future state of these ecosystems more accurately, we must be able to reconstruct the past variations of certain parameters (ocean temperature, biological productivity, contaminant inputs, etc.) prior to any major anthropogenic influence. Instrumental measurements of these parameters are, however, fairly recent and the reconstruction of the variability of coastal ecosystems prior to the Industrial Revolution can only be done by using proxies embedded in the available archives.This PhD dissertation focuse...