Safety and recommendations for TMS use in healthy subjects and patient populations, with updates on training, ethical and regulatory issues: Expert Guidelines
- Rossi S.
- Antal A.
- Bestmann S.
- Bikson M.
- Brewer C.
- Brockmoller J.
- Carpenter L. L.
- Cincotta M.
- Chen R.
- Daskalakis J. D.
- Di Lazzaro V.
- Fox M. D.
- George M. S.
- Gilbert D.
- Kimiskidis V. K.
- Koch G.
- Ilmoniemi R. J.
- Pascal Lefaucheur J.
- Leocani L.
- Lisanby S. H.
- Miniussi C.
- Padberg F.
- Pascual-Leone A.
- Paulus W.
- Peterchev A. V.
- Quartarone A.
- Rotenberg A.
- Rothwell J.
- Rossini P. M.
- Santarnecchi E.
- Shafi M. M.
- Siebner H. R.
- Ugawa Y.
- Wassermann E. M.
- Zangen A.
- Ziemann U.
- Hallett M.
DOIAbstract
This article is based on a consensus conference, promoted and supported by the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN), which took place in Siena (Italy) in October 2018. The meeting intended to update the ten-year-old safety guidelines for the application of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in research and clinical settings (Rossi et al., 2009). Therefore, only emerging and new issues are covered in detail, leaving still valid the 2009 recommendations regarding the description of conventional or patterned TMS protocols, the screening of subjects/patients, the need of neurophysiological monitoring for new protocols, the utilization of reference thresholds of stimulation, the managing of seizures and the list of mi...
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