Rural-to-Urban Transition in Chongqing's Hinterland: State-Led Urbanisation or Urbanisation From Below?

Since 2014 the Chinese state has been pushing for "new-style urbanisation". Its main goals are accelerated urban-rural integration, development of small-to-medium cities and towns, and a "people-centered" urbanisation, all while limiting movement towards big cities. Similar reforms have been experimented with in Chongqing since 2007. This article argues that we need to take both top-down and bottom-up processes into view if we are to understand completely the intricate transformation currently underway in China's urbanising society. Thus, policies and programmes at the national and provincial level are examined and then contrasted with findings from field research, that has been conducted in Chongqing's urbanising hinterland. Findings show patterns of rural-to-urban transitioning which apparently match the central and municipal governments' plans, but further evidence points to the rejection or modification of state-led urbanisation efforts and towards an urbanisation on the people's own terms