Optimal Control and Thermal Managementof Heavy-Duty FCHEV Powertrains : Minimizing hydrogen consumption of an FCHEV using numerical optimal control and an integrated energy and thermal management system

The CO2 emissions from road vehicles must be reduced in order to avoid a 1.5 ◦C global warming. To reduce tailpipe emissions, a strong trend is to electrify powertrains to shift away from the use of fossil fuel. Among alternatives, the fuel cellhybrid electric vehicle (FCHEV) is seen as a promising configuration. With the high energy density of hydrogen propulsion systems, it is regarded viable for heavy-dutylong cycle hauling. The aim of this thesis is thus to explore optimal control of energy and thermal management systems of FCHEVs. With the intention of increasing knowledge of how to control FCHEVs for a driving mission, this thesis models an FCHEV powertrain for optimal control purposes. The developed model is used in conjunction with dynamic programming to find the hydrogen optimal control strategies of the energy and thermal management systems. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is performed, investigating how the fuel cell characteristics influence the control strategies. The results propose a feasible complete powertrain model for optimal control purposes and provides insight on how to optimally control the powertrain for various scenarios, minimizing hydrogen consumption. It is concluded that for demanding missions, the fuel cell should consistently provide the main power output and together with the battery handle power transients. For less demanding missions, the fuel cell should be controlled with an on/off strategy, switching between being atidle and working in its most efficient region. It is also concluded that integrated energy and thermal strategies for the fuel cell during a driving mission can increase fuel efficiency, with the optimal thermal strategy being dependent on the fuel cell’s characteristics