The applicability of the cosmic ray neutron sensor to simultaneously monitor soil water content and biomass in an Acacia mearnsii forest

Soil water content is an important hydrological parameter, which is difficult to measure at a field scale due to its spatial and temporal heterogeneity. The Cosmic Ray Neutron Sensor (CRNS) is a novel and innovative approach to estimate area-averaged soil water content at an intermediate scale, which has been implemented across the globe. The CRNS is moderated by all hydrogen sources within its measurement footprint. In order to isolate the soil water content signal from the neutron intensity, the other sources of hydrogen need to be accounted for. The CRNS’s applications are not only limited to soil water content estimation, as it can potentially be used to monitor biomass. The Two-Streams clear-felling provided the unique opportunity to monitor the cosmic ray neutron intensities before, during, and after the clear-felling. The cadmium-difference method was used to obtain the pure thermal and epithermal neutron intensities from the bare and moderated detectors. The study concluded that the presence of biomass within the site reduced the epithermal neutron intensity by 12.43% and the N0 value by 13.8%. The use of the neutron ratio to monitor biomass was evaluated and changes in the neutron ratio coincided with biomass changes and resulted in a high correlation (R2 of 0.868) with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and (R2 of 0.817) leaf area index (LAI). The use of the CRNS to simultaneously monitor soil water content and biomass will be beneficial in providing more reliable soil water content estimates, provide biomass estimates at a field scale, and aid in understanding the dynamics between soil water content and vegetation.Partnerships for Enhanced Engagement in Research (USA); South African Agency for Science and Technology Advancement; United States Agency for International Development; University of KwaZulu-Natal; University of Pretoria; the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa; the Department of Science and Technology (South African); the Water Research Commission (WRC); the South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON); the Daugherty Water Food Global Institute, the Global Engagement office of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculturehttps://www.mdpi.com/journal/hydrologypm2021Plant Production and Soil Scienc