Using radium isotopes to characterize water ages and coastal mixing rates: A sensitivity analysis

ISI Document Delivery No.: 893TE Times Cited: 4 Cited Reference Count: 78 Cited References: Abraham DM, 2003, BIOL BULL-US, V205, P246, DOI 10.2307/1543277 Arega F, 2008, J HYDRO-ENVIRON RES, V2, P99, DOI 10.1016/j.jher.2008.07.003 Basu AR, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P1470, DOI 10.1126/science.1060524 Beck AJ, 2007, MAR CHEM, V106, P419, DOI 10.1016/j.marchem.2007.03.008 Boehm AB, 2006, CONT SHELF RES, V26, P269, DOI 10.1016/j.csr.2005.11.008 Boehm AB, 2004, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V38, P3558, DOI 10.1021/es035385a Breier JA, 2009, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V54, P1964, DOI 10.4319/lo.2009.54.6.1964 Brooks DA, 1999, ESTUAR COAST SHELF S, V49, P647, DOI 10.1006/ecss.1999.0544 Burnett WC, 2008, ESTUAR COAST SHELF S, V76, P501, DOI 10.1016/j.ecss.2007.07.027 Burnett WC, 2006, SCI TOTAL ENVIRON, V367, P498, DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.05.009 Charette MA, 2007, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V52, P230 Charette MA, 2007, DEEP-SEA RES PT II, V54, P1989, DOI 10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.06.003 Charette MA, 2003, MAR CHEM, V84, P113, DOI 10.1016/j.marchem.2003.07.001 Charette MA, 2001, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V46, P465 Colbert SL, 2007, CONT SHELF RES, V27, P1477, DOI 10.1016/j.csr.2007.01.003 Crotwell AM, 2003, AQUAT GEOCHEM, V9, P191, DOI 10.1023/B:AQUA.0000022954.89019.c9 de Sieyes NR, 2008, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V53, P1434, DOI 10.4319/lo.2008.53.4.1434 Dulaiova H, 2008, MAR CHEM, V109, P395, DOI 10.1016/j.marchem.2007.09.001 Dulaiova H, 2006, CONT SHELF RES, V26, P1971, DOI 10.1016/j.csr.2006.07.011 GALLAGHER B, 1980, PAC SCI, V34, P301 Garcia-Orellana J, 2010, J ENVIRON RADIOACTIV, V101, P582, DOI 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2009.12.005 Garcia-Solsona E, 2008, MAR CHEM, V109, P292, DOI 10.1016/j.marchem.2008.02.007 Garcia-Solsona E, 2010, BIOGEOSCIENCES, V7, P2625, DOI 10.5194/bg-7-2625-2010 Garcia-Solsona E, 2008, MAR CHEM, V109, P198, DOI 10.1016/j.marchem.2007.11.006 Garcia-Solsona E, 2010, BIOGEOCHEMISTRY, V97, P211, DOI 10.1007/s10533-009-9368-y Godoy JM, 2006, J BRAZIL CHEM SOC, V17, P730, DOI 10.1590/S0103-50532006000400014 Gomes F. C., 2009, RADIOPROTECTION, V44, P237, DOI [10.1051/radiopro/20095047, DOI 10.1051/RADIOPRO/20095047] Gonneea ME, 2008, MAR CHEM, V109, P250, DOI 10.1016/j.marchem.2007.12.002 Hancock GJ, 1996, EARTH PLANET SC LETT, V138, P145, DOI 10.1016/0012-821X(95)00218-2 Hougham AL, 2007, MAR CHEM, V105, P194, DOI 10.1016/j.marchem.2007.01.013 Hwang DW, 2005, MAR CHEM, V96, P61, DOI 10.1016/j.marchem.2004.11.002 Kim G, 2008, MAR CHEM, V109, P307, DOI 10.1016/j.marchem.2007.07.002 Kim G, 2005, EARTH PLANET SC LETT, V237, P156, DOI 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.011 Knee KL, 2008, ESTUAR COAST, V31, P607, DOI 10.1007/s12237-008-9055-6 Knee KL, 2010, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V55, P1105, DOI 10.4319/lo.2010.55.3.1105 Krest JM, 2000, GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY, V14, P167, DOI 10.1029/1999GB001197 LEE DR, 1977, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V22, P140 Lee YW, 2009, SCI TOTAL ENVIRON, V407, P3181, DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.04.013 Li CY, 2011, J MARINE SYST, V86, P28, DOI 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.01.003 LI YH, 1979, EARTH PLANET SC LETT, V43, P343, DOI 10.1016/0012-821X(79)90089-X LONGUETHIGGINS MS, 1983, P ROY SOC LOND A MAT, V390, P283, DOI 10.1098/rspa.1983.0132 Loveless AM, 2008, J HYDROL, V351, P203, DOI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.12.010 Monsen NE, 2002, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V47, P1545 Montlucon D, 2001, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V35, P480, DOI 10.1021/es9914442 Moore W. S., 2000, J GEOPHYS RES, V105, P117, DOI DOI 10.1029/1999JC000289 Moore WS, 2006, CONT SHELF RES, V26, P852, DOI 10.1016/j.csr.2005.12.004 Moore WS, 2008, ESTUAR COAST SHELF S, V76, P512, DOI 10.1016/j.ecss.2007.07.042 Moore WS, 2006, J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS, V111, DOI 10.1029/2005JC003041 Moore WS, 2000, CONT SHELF RES, V20, P1993, DOI 10.1016/S0278-4343(00)00054-6 Moore WS, 1997, EARTH PLANET SC LETT, V150, P141, DOI 10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00083-6 MOORE WS, 1984, NUCL INSTRUM METH A, V223, P407, DOI 10.1016/0167-5087(84)90683-5 OKUBO A, 1976, DEEP-SEA RES, V23, P1213, DOI 10.1016/0011-7471(76)90897-4 OKUBO A, 1971, DEEP-SEA RES, V18, P789, DOI 10.1016/0011-7471(71)90046-5 Paytan A, 2006, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V51, P343 Peterson RN, 2009, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V54, P890, DOI 10.4319/lo.2009.54.3.0890 Peterson RN, 2008, CONT SHELF RES, V28, P2700, DOI 10.1016/j.csr.2008.09.002 Portnoy JW, 1998, WATER RESOUR RES, V34, P3095, DOI 10.1029/98WR02167 Rama, 1996, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC, V60, P4645 Rapaglia J, 2010, J ENVIRON RADIOACTIV, V101, P571, DOI 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2009.08.010 Rasmussen L. L., 2003, THESIS MIT Robinson C, 2007, ADV WATER RESOUR, V30, P851, DOI 10.1016/j.advwatres.2006.07.006 Santos IR, 2008, J HYDROL, V353, P275, DOI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.02.010 Scopel CO, 2006, J GREAT LAKES RES, V32, P543, DOI 10.3394/0380-1330(2006)32[543:IONWDA]2.0.CO;2 SHAW RD, 1989, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V34, P1343 Shellenbarger GG, 2006, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V51, P1876 Slomp CP, 2004, J HYDROL, V295, P64, DOI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.02.018 Standley LJ, 2008, ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM, V27, P2457, DOI 10.1897/07-604.1 STOMMEL H, 1949, J MAR RES, V8, P199 Street JH, 2008, MAR CHEM, V109, P355, DOI 10.1016/j.marchem.2007.08.009 Swarzenski PW, 2009, ESTUAR COAST SHELF S, V83, P77, DOI 10.1016/j.ecss.2009.03.027 Swarzenski PW, 2007, MAR CHEM, V104, P69, DOI 10.1016/j.marchem.2006.08.001 Swarzenski PW, 2006, MAR CHEM, V101, P248, DOI 10.1016/j.marchem.2006.03.007 Swearman J. W., 2006, PAPERS SUMMER UNDERG, P51 Taniguchi M, 2003, BIOGEOCHEMISTRY, V66, P35, DOI 10.1023/B:BIOG.0000006090.25949.8d Taylor J. R., 1997, INTRO ERROR ANAL, P160 Turner IL, 1997, J COASTAL RES, V13, P46 Weinstein Y., 2006, RADIOACT ENV, V8, P360, DOI DOI 10.1016/S1569-4860(05)08029-0 Windom HL, 2006, MAR CHEM, V102, P252, DOI 10.1016/j.marchem.2006.06.016 Knee, Karen L. Garcia-Solsona, Ester Garcia-Orellana, Jordi Boehm, Alexandria B. Paytan, Adina 4 AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY WACO LIMNOL OCEANOGR-METHNumerous studies have used naturally occurring Ra isotopes (Ra-223, Ra-224, Ra-226, and Ra-228, with half-lives of 11.4 d, 3.7 d, 1600 y, and 5.8 y, respectively) to quantify water mass ages, coastal ocean mixing rates, and submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). Using Monte Carlo models, this study investigated how uncertainties in Ra isotope activities and the derived activity ratios (AR) arising from analytical uncertainty and natural variability affect the uncertainty associated with Ra-derived water ages and eddy diffusion coefficients, both of which can be used to calculate SGD. Analytical uncertainties associated with Ra-224, Ra-226, and Ra-228 activities were reported in most published studies to be less than 10% of sample activity; those reported for Ra-223 ranged from 7% to 40%. Relative uncertainty related to natural variability-estimated from the variability in Ra-223 and Ra-224 activities of replicate field samples-ranged from 15% to 50% and was similar for Ra-223 activity, Ra-224 activity, and the Ra-224/Ra-223 AR. Our analysis revealed that AR-based water ages shorter than 3-5 d often have relative uncertainties greater than 100%, potentially limiting their utility. Uncertainties in eddy diffusion coefficients estimated based on cross-shore gradients in short-lived Ra isotope activity were greater when fewer points were used to determine the linear trend, when the coefficient of determination (R-2) was low, and when Ra-224, rather than Ra-223, was used. By exploring the uncertainties associated with Ra-derived water ages and eddy diffusion coefficients, this study will enable researchers to apply these methods more effectively and to reduce uncertainty