Seasonal and regional variability of upper ocean diapycnal heat flux in the Atlantic cold tongue

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The authors thank Peter Brandt and Ping Chang for helpful discussions and the crews of the EGEE campaigns and R/V Meteor for their collaboration. Financial support for this study was provided by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft as part of the Emmy Noether Program (R.H. and M.D., Grant DE1369/1-1) and by the Deutsche Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung as part of the Verbundvorhaben NORDATLANTIK (Grants 03F0443B and 03F0605B) and SOPRAN (Grant FKZ 03F0462A). The EGEE cruises were part of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) program. Collection of the HRP data was supported by the US National Science Foundation. The authors also acknowledge the PIRATA program for free buoys data access. 4 PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD OXFORD PROG OCEANOGRSST variability within the Atlantic cold tongue (ACT) region is of climatic relevance for the surrounding continents. A multi cruise data set of microstructure observations is used to infer regional as well as seasonal variability of upper ocean mixing and diapycnal heat flux within the ACT region. The variability in mixing intensity is related to the variability in large scale background conditions, which were additionally observed during the cruises. The observations indicate fundamental differences in background conditions in terms of shear and stratification below the mixed layer (ML) for the western and eastern equatorial ACT region causing critical Froude numbers (Fr) to be more frequently observed in the western equatorial ACT. The distribution of critical Fr occurrence below the ML reflects the regional and seasonal variability of mixing intensity. Turbulent dissipation rates (epsilon) at the equator (2 degrees N-2 degrees S) are strongly increased in the upper thermocline compared to off-equatorial locations. In addition, epsilon is elevated in the western equatorial ACT compared to the east from May to November, whereas boreal summer appears as the season of highest mixing intensities throughout the equatorial ACT region, coinciding with ACT development. Diapycnal heat fluxes at the base of the ML in the western equatorial ACT region inferred from epsilon and stratification range from a maximum of 90 W m(-2) in boreal summer to 55 W m-(2) in September and 40 W m(-2) in November. In the eastern equatorial ACT region maximum values of about 25 W m(-2) were estimated during boreal summer reducing to about 5 W m(-2) towards the end of the year. Outside the equatorial region, inferred diapycnal heat fluxes are comparably low and rarely exceeding 10 degrees W m(-2). Integrating the obtained heat flux estimates in the ML heat budget at 10 W on the equator accentuates the diapycnal heat flux as the largest ML cooling term during boreal summer and early autumn. In the western equatorial ACT elevated meridional velocity shear in the upper thermocline contributes to the enhanced diapycnal heat flux within this region during boreal summer and autumn. The elevated meridional velocity shear appears to be associated with intra-seasonal wave activity. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved