The question this thesis stems from is: ”To which extent weather controls the life cycle of forest fires in the Mediterranean?”. The analysis developed here is based on remotely-sensed fire data, meteorological reanalyses and numerical simulations.A large part of the thesis work focused on the impact of weather on wildfires. First I showed that weather controls the life cycle of forest fires very tightly when these fires are large enough. Many factors are crucial: the strength of the heatwave, the precipitation deficit in month preceding the summer season and finally wind speed. The relationship between fire size and wind was found very atypical by comparison with other regions (Asia, Central Europe). The largest burned areas are observed f...