Cognitive, Emotional, and Social Influences on Voice Production Elicited by Three Different Stroop Tasks

Introduction: The effects of emotion and cognition have been of interest to voice clinicians and research given the known correlations between psychological states and voice disorders. However, most voice research techniques investigate one psychological state at a time and do not necessarily consider other psychological states or the combination of two or more states occurring simultaneously. The purpose of this study is to employ three Stroop tasks, all known to elicit different psychological states, during a voice study to determine whether separate psychological states have a variable effect on vocalizations. Methods: Fifteen female participants were instructed to view a word on a computer screen and say the name of the color of the font of that word. Words were part of a Color Stroop, Emotional Stroop, or Taboo Stroop paradigm and designed to elicit cognitive, emotional, or the combination of cognitive/emotional interference. Behavioral measures of response time and acoustic measures of frequency, intensity, and noise ratio were extracted from each stimulus. Results: Participants had significantly greater response times for all experimental conditions compared to baseline. Additionally, intensity range was significantly less, and average fundamental frequency and cepstral peak prominence were significantly greater than baseline. However, there was no distinct pattern of response for any condition. Discussion/Conclusion: Although there are definite changes in vocalizations when participants were engaged in higher cognitive or emotional processing, no acoustic signatures for these separate conditions exist. These findings suggest that more specific acoustic measures or additional measures such as physiological or self-report may be necessary to parse out the differential effect on the voice in these three conditions