The U.S. housing finance debacle, measures to assure its non-recurrence, and reform of the housing GSEs

We provide another perspective regarding Fannie Mae\u27s and Freddie Mac\u27s impact on the recent financial crisis. We conclude that the crisis and the GSEs being placed into conservancy were primarily caused by the proliferation of below prime mortgages, which led to their sustaining significantly higher default losses. We posit that the GSEs have unfairly served as scapegoats, whereas the crisis was largely caused by the proliferation of private label subprime mortgage instruments and by the U.S. Congress implementing social policies thru the GSEs without adequate default risk provisions. Our recommendations provide guidelines that may reduce the likelihood of a future similar crisis