Genetic association of CaSR (Calcium Sensing Receptor) gene polymorphism with kidney stone formation in Vindhyan region of Madhya Pradesh

Calcium (Ca2+) is an important mediator of multicellular homeostasis and is involved in several diseases. The interplay among the kidney, bone,intestine, and parathyroid gland in Ca2+ homeostasis is strictly modulated by numerous hormones and signaling pathways. The calcium sensingreceptor (CaSR) is a G protein–coupled receptor, that is expressed in calcitropic tissues such as the parathyroid gland and the kidney, plays apivotal role in Ca2+ regulation. CaSR is importantfor renal Ca2+, as a mutation in this receptor leads to hypercalciuria and calciumnephrolithiasis. Aberrant Ca2+ sensing by the kidney and VSMCs, owing to altered CaSR expression or function, is associated with the formationof nephrolithiasis and vascular calcification. Basedon emerging epidemiological evidence, patients with nephrolithiasis have a higher risk ofvascular calcification, but the exact mechanism linking the two conditions is unclear. However, a dysregulationin Ca2+ homeostasis anddysfunction in CaSR might be the connection between the two. This reviews summarizes renal calcium handling and calcium signaling in thevascular system, with a special focus on the link between nephrolithiasis and vascular calcification. The age, sex, BMI, WHR were theparameters. As expected the nephrolithiatic patients had markedly higher levels of weight of men (P=0.3916) then women (P=0.0723) and BMIof Women (P=0.2247) and Men (P=0.3499) but both was not significantly different between patient and healthy population. Concentration of IL-18 level in malarial patient (case) and healthy population (control) is showing elevated level during infection and it was stati stically significantassociated. Overall distribution of CaSRAla 986 Ser genotypes was significantly different in healthy control group as compared to disease group(χ2=7.253, P=0.0266*). HC group showed an decrease of mutant ‘TT’ genotype as compared to Patients of Nephrolithiatic (1.11% vs. 4.37%).Similarly, wild type ‘GG’ genotype was present in significantly high frequency in HC as compared to Nephrolithiatic patients group (72.22% vs.54.37%). An odds ratio of 0.4584 in Nephrolithiatic group