Dynamic analysis of a Leslie–Gower-type predator–prey system with the fear effect and ratio-dependent Holling III functional response

In this paper, we extend a Leslie–Gower-type predator–prey system with ratio-dependent Holling III functional response considering the cost of antipredator defence due to fear. We study the impact of the fear effect on the model, and we find that many interesting dynamical properties of the model can occur when the fear effect is present. Firstly, the relationship between the fear coefficient K and the positive equilibrium point is introduced. Meanwhile, the existence of the Turing instability, the Hopf bifurcation, and the Turing–Hopf bifurcation are analyzed by some key bifurcation parameters. Next, a normal form for the Turing–Hopf bifurcation is calculated. Finally, numerical simulations are carried out to corroborate our theoretical results