EKSTRAKCIJA KSENOBIOTIKA MIKROVALOVIMA IZ SEDIMENATA I TLA ZA KROMATOGRAFSKU ANALIZU

Razvoj industrije i povećanje broja ljudske populacije uzrokuje sve veće onečišćavanje okoliša ksenobioticima koji već desetljećima predstavljaju ekološki problem. Ksenobiotici (pesticidi, farmaceutici, površinske aktivne tvari i sl.) su sve sintetičke tvari antropogenog porijekla koji su neizostavni dio mnogih djelatnosti u ljudskom životu i zbog svakodnevne uporabe lako dospijevaju u okoliš, a najviše u vodu, sediment i tlo. Jednom kada dospiju u okoliš stvaraju veliki problem jer mogu utjecati i na zdravlje ljudi i životinja te rast biljaka. Stoga je nužno pratiti sve ksenobiotike u okolišu kako bi se moglo predvidjeti njihovo ponašanje i odrediti postupke njihova uklanjanja iz okoliša. Praćenje ksenobiotika u svim uzorcima iz okoliša, pa tako i iz sedimenta, provodi se kromatografskim metodama. Međutim, da bi bilo moguće kromatografsko određivanje ksenobiotika u sedimentu treba provesti odgovarajuću pripremu uzoraka. Cilj ovoga rada bio je optimirati dvije metode ekstrakcije (mikrovalovima (MAE) i ultrazvukom (UAE) potpomognute ekstrakcije) ispitivanih ksenobiotika iz grupe antiparazitika (albendazol, febantel i levamisol) iz sedimenta za kromatografsku analizu s detektorom s nizom dioda (HPLC-DAD). Najbolji radni uvjeti i rezultati dobiveni su sa ultrazvučnom ekstrakcijom u smjesi metanol:voda i metanol:acetonitril pri temperaturi od 55°C i vremenu trajanja ekstrakcije od 45 min.The development of industry and the increase in the number of human populations is causing increasing pollution of the environment with xenobiotics, which have been an environmental problem for decades. Xenobiotics (pesticide, pharmaceuticals, surfactants, etc.) are all synthetic substances of anthropogenic origin that are an indispensable part of many activities in human life and due to daily use easily reach the environment, especially water, sediment and soil. Once they reach the environment, they create a big problem because they affect both human and animal health and plant growth. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor all xenobiotics in the environment to be able to predict their behavior and determine the procedures for their removal from the environment. Monitoring of xenobiotics in all samples from the environment, including sediment, is performed by chromatographic methods. However, to be able to chromatographically determine the xenobiotics in the sediment, appropriate sample preparation should be performed. The aim of this study was to optimize two extraction methods (microwave (MAE) and ultrasound (UAE) assisted extraction) of the examined xenobiotics from the group of antiparasitic (albendazole, febantel and levamisole) from sediment for chromatographic analysis with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The optimum conditions and results were obtained with ultrasonic extraction in a mixture of methanol: water and methanol: acetonitrile at a temperature of 55 oC and extraction time of 45 min