Solar ultraviolet radiation in a changing climate

The projected large increases in damaging ultraviolet radiation as a result of global emissions of ozone-depleting substances have been forestalled by the success of the Montreal Protocol. New challenges are now arising in relation to climate change. We highlight the complex interactions between the drivers of climate change and those of stratospheric ozone depletion, and the positive and negative feedbacks among climate, ozone and ultraviolet radiation. These will result in both risks and benefits of exposure to ultraviolet radiation for the environment and human welfare. This Review synthesizes these new insights and their relevance in a world where changes in climate as well as in stratospheric ozone are altering exposure to ultraviolet radiation with largely unknown consequences for the biosphere.Fil: Williamson, Craig E.. Miami University. Department of Biology; Estados UnidosFil: Zepp, Richard G.. United States Environmental Protection Agency; Estados UnidosFil: Lucas, Robyn M.. University of Western Australia. Telethon Kids Institute; Australia. Australian National University. National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health; AustraliaFil: Madronich, Sasha. National Center for Atmospheric Research; Estados UnidosFil: Austin, Amy Theresa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Ballare, Carlos Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Norval, Mary. University of Edinburgh Medical School. Biomedical Science; Reino UnidoFil: Sulzberger, Barbara. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; SuizaFil: Bais, Alkiviadis F.. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics; GreciaFil: McKenzie, Richard L.. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research; Nueva ZelandaFil: Robinson, Sharon A.. University of Wollongong. School of Biological Sciences. Institute for Conservation Biology and Environmental Management; AustraliaFil: Häder, Donat P.. No especifíca;Fil: Paul, Nigel D.. Lancaster University. Lancaster Environment Centre; Reino UnidoFil: Bornman, Janet F.. Curtin University. International Institute of Agri-Food Security; Australi