A population-based study on smoking, alcohol consumption, and substance use among women of reproductive age in Mbeya, Tanzania

Background: Knowledge of smoking, alcohol and substance use during pregnancy among women of reproductive age is critical in reproductive health and managing unintended pregnancies. Methods: A population-based and descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted for six months, from July to December 2020. Data were collected on socio-demographic characteristics and alcohol, smoking, and other substance use patterns. Descriptive statistics and c2 tests were used to assess the significance levels of associated variables. Results: The study involved 376 respondents with ages ranging from 15 to 45 years, with a mean age of 30.4 years. The majority of the respondents, 336 (89.36%) were aware of substance use and its effects during pregnancy. Knowledge about the effects of alcohol, smoking, and other substances was significantly associated with the level of education (χ2 = 37.06, p < 0.0001). Among all respondents, 161 (42.82%) reported everyday consumption of substances during pregnancy; the majority consumed alcohol, 120 (74.53%). Findings show an association between younger age and substance use (χ2 = 34.03, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: The existing perceptions and behaviours of people regarding substance consumption necessitate urgent health education to promote healthy pregnancy and avoid mental health issues that could jeopardize women's safety and well-being