An exploratory study of electrode materials suitable for potassium-based batteries

Future renewable energy integrated grid systems require rechargeable batteries with low cost, high safety and long cycle life. The much higher abundance and fair distribution of potassium compared to lithium in Earth crust indicates that rechargeable potassium batteries can represent an attractive replacement for lithium-ion counterparts. Rechargeable potassium batteries have gained tremendous attention during the past decade. However, the development of rechargeable potassium batteries is still in its infancy. Due to the large atomic radius of potassium, some electrode materials that are commonly used in Li‐ion systems are not suitable for potassium batteries. Thus, anode materials for these energy storage systems are mainly based on carbon materials, metal alloys and potassium metal. On the other hand, cathode materials can be divided into three categories: Prussian blue and its analogues, layered metal oxides and polyanion oxides. In this emerging field, the main challenges are: i) achieving a strong structural stability of newly developed electrodes; ii) inhibit the formation of potassium dendrites and build a stable electrode/electrolyte interface; iii) trying to find an electrode to be considered as a reference/standard system when evaluating the performance of newly synthesized compounds for anodes and cathodes. In this contribution, a systematic study of a series of potential systems for anodes and cathodes in potassium batteries is presented, figuring out the most promising strategies to design lab-scale working devices