In the Sahel, maize has, till recently, been a supplementary crop (in particular for bridging the period from the end of the dry season till a new harvest) whereas it has become a staple in wet zones of Africa, such as the Gulf of Guinea. The adoption of this cereal among the Soninke (Senegal, Mauritania) is analysed in relation to agriculture, food and the culture. By broadening the scope to Senegambia during the 17th and 18th centuries, two possible diffusions (Portuguese and North African) of American maize can be imagined without eliminating the possibility of more than one introduction. Linguistic and historical data are presented along with the comments of agronomists and geneticists.En Afrique sahélienne, le maïs a joué jusqu'à ces d...