Les foraminifères benthiques : bio-indicateurs d’eutrophisation naturelle et anthropique en milieu marin franc

The aim of this work is to evaluate the potential utilisation of benthic foraminifera as bioindicators of eutrophication phenomena in open marine environments. More precisely, we have compared different types of eutrophicated environments, in natural (sediments of the Rhône prodelta) and anthropogenic conditions (oil drill cuttings off Congo and Gabon; sewage sludge in the Firth of Clyde in Scotland). In this context, we studied the spatial distribution of benthic foraminifera, and compared their distributional patterns with the available physico-chemical parameters. Foraminifera are amongst the most abundant protists in benthic marine environments. Because of their high biodiversity, their short life cycles and the specific ecological requirements of the various species, foraminiferal faunas react quickly to the environmental disturbances. Our study reveals a typical faunal succession in response to an increasing gradient of organic enrichment. When approaching the source of organic enrichment, a diminution of the species characteristic of stable environments is observed; these species are replaced gradually by more opportunistic taxa in the highly enriched area. If the environmental degradation is persistent, only species very resistant to the environmental stress are present, generally with low densities. Thus, benthic foraminifera represent a very good tool to evaluate the impact of ecosystem eutrophication. These bio-markers can be used successfully in environmental monitoring and in survey networks of marine environments in order to evaluate the impact on the ecosystem of environmental disturbance