Biomechanical and musculoskeletal measurements as risk factors for running-related injury in non-elite runners : a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies

Background: Running-related injury (RRI) is highly prevalent among recreational runners and is a key barrier to participation. Atypical lower limb alignment and mechanical function have been proposed to play a role in development of lower extremity injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between incidence of running related injury (RRI) in non-elite runners with biomechanical and musculoskeletal variables. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Published research indexed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, AMED, and The Cochrane library until 13th January 2021, grey literature, and reference lists of included studies were screened to identify prospective studies of non-elite adult runners that measured a relationship between biomechanical or musculoskeletal measures and incidence of RRI. Results: Thirty studies (3404 runners), testing over 100 discrete biomechanical and musculoskeletal risk factors for RRI, were included. Nineteen studies were pooled in twenty-fve separate meta-analyses. Meta-analysis of four studies detected signifcantly less knee extension strength among runners who developed a RRI (SMD−0.19, 95% CI−0.36 to−0.02, p=0.03), though this may not be clinically important. A meta-analysis of two studies detected signifcantly lower hip adduction velocity among runners who developed a RRI (MD−12.80, 95% CI−25.22 to−0.38, p=0.04). Remaining meta-analyses found no signifcant relationship between biomechanical or musculoskeletal variables and RRI. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis found the currently available literature does not generally support biomechanical or musculoskeletal measures as risk factors for RRI in non-elite runners. While meta-analysis fndings for knee extension strength and hip adduction velocity as risk factors for RRI were statistically signifcant, the associated trivial to small efects sizes suggest these fndings should be treated with caution. Until further evidence emerges, recommendations for injury prevention in non-elite runners cannot be made based on biomechanical and musculoskeletal measurements alon