Seismic analysis of extended piles in sand considering effect of scouring and effect of water as added mass

Scouring is one of the major causes of the failure of bridges and offshore wind turbines. Piles under extreme scouring and earthquake loads are vulnerable to failure and need to be investigated thoroughly. In this study, the seismic responses of an extended concrete pile with no scour and four scouring depths conditions are investigated under an input motion based on a Kobe earthquake record. The effect of water during an earthquake has a significant impact on the structure as hydrodynamic pressure; however, it is generally ignored in the seismic analysis of piles. The present study uses the concept of added mass to consider the effects of water. The combined soilstructure-interaction and shear beam model is used to simulate pile and soil using the beam-on-nonlinear-Winkler foundation (BNWF) method. Soil is divided into multiple layers with increasing shear modulus and the mass of each soil layer is lumped into two nodes of the layer. Modal analysis and nonlinear time history analysis are performed on different models. Results of the modal analysis show the decrease in fundamental frequencies of the pile with increasing scouring depths. The time history analysis results are reported in the form of Arias and Housner intensities, envelopes of acceleration, velocity, displacement of pile top, and envelopes of shear force and bending moment of the pile. Results show significant changes with scouring depth and the effect of water