Effects and Implications on Southern Kaduna Communities in Nigeria

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(국제협력전공), 2021.8. 박계성.The focus of the study is to investigate the fundamental causes of Farmer-Herder conflicts, its unique nature and escalation in southern Kaduna. The study utilized qualitative method of one-on-one in-depth interview and focus group discussion with (15) fifteen carefully selected participants in (30 three L.G.A as its primary data source, other relevant and useful data were collected from secondary sources such as the Punch News Paper reporting, Channels TV recorded video clips, World Watch Research (WWR), Amnesty international, and Kaduna Ministry of Internal Security and home Affairs (KMISA). The study found out that ethnic divides, unresolved conflicts in the past and inequality between the two groups are some of the prevalent factors that escalated the conflict. However, Realistic conflict theory and social identity theory was chosen as a theoretical foundation to analyze the conflict. The study therefore recommended as fellows; that Kaduna state government; should make effort to implement the recommendations provided in the white paper of the Zango Kataf 1992 crisis to address the issues of land, sensitize and enlighten the two groups on the negative impact of the conflict, employ geospatial and satellite technology to track herder movements and be preemptive in ensuring herders do not graze their cattle in farms resulting in economic losses to farmers. It should also set up negotiation forums that will represent both members of the two groups and run a system that respect and tolerate cultural diversity and an all-inclusive governance.이 연구의 초점은 농부-목동갈등의 근본적인 원인, 고유 한 성격 및 남부카두나 으로의 확대를 조사하는 것이다. 이 연구는 일대일 심층 인터뷰 및 선택적 그룹 토론의 질적 연구를 하며, 3 개의 L.G.A 에서 신중하게 선택한 15 명의 참가자를 주 데이터 소스로 사용했다. 기타 관련되고 유용한 데이터는 Punch News Paper 보도, Channels TV 녹화 비디오 클립, World Watch Research (WWR), 국제 앰네스티, 카 두나 내무부 (KMISA) 등과 같은 2 차 소스에서 수집되었다. 이 연구는 인종적 분열, 과거에 해결되지 않은 갈등, 두 그룹 간의 불평등이 갈등을 심화시킨 주요 요인 중 일부임을 발견했다. 그러나 갈등을 분석하기 위항 이론적 토대로 현실적 갈등 이론과 사회 정체성 이론이 선택되었다. 따라서 이 연구는 다음과 같이 추천하는 바이다; 카 두나 주 정부가 1992 년 장고 카 타프 위기 백서에 제공CHAPTER ONE 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Historical Background 4 1.3. Statement of the Problem 8 1.4. Motivation of the research 11 1.5. Research objectives and Questions 13 1.6. Significance of the study 13 1.7. Limitation of the study 14 1.8. Organization of the Study 14 CHAPTER TWO 16 2.1. Literature Review 16 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH DESIGN 22 3.1. Theoretical Framework 22 3.1.1. Realistic Conflict Theory 22 3.1.2. Social Identity Theory 23 3.2. Methodology 26 3.3. Conceptual Framework 27 CHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS 29 4.1. Kaduna State in the past 29 4.2. Current Situation in Southern Kaduna 32 4.3. Nature of the Conflict 34 CHAPTER FIVE: CAUSES OF FARMER-HERDER CONFLICT AND TACTICS USED 41 5.1. Fundamental Causes of Farmer-Herder Conflict in Southern Kaduna 41 5.1.1. Effect of Population Growth 41 5.1.2. Climate Change and Migration 42 5.1.3. Social Cultural Context 43 5.1.4. Unresolved Conflict in the Past 45 5.1.5. Land Disputes and Trespass on Farm lands 47 5.2.1. Tactics and Weapons used 49 CHAPTER SIX: ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATION 53 6.1. Government Response 53 6.1.1. Federal Government Involvement 53 6.1.2. Deficient Security response from the federal government 56 6.1.3. Deficient Security Response from the State government 58 6.2. Social-Economic and Security Impact 59 6.2.1. Social Impact 59 6.2.2. Economic and Security Impact 60 6.3. Findings and Gaps 64 6.3.1. Findings 64 6.3.2. Gaps 64 7.1. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 66 7.1.1. Recommendations 66 7.1.2. Conclusion 67 References 69 국문 초록 77석