Kajian Dampak Lingkungan dari Proses Produksi Pulp dengan Metode LCA: Evaluasi Program Perbaikan Eksisting

Aktivitas produksi setiap industri khususnya pada sektor pulp and paper membutuhkan bahan baku yang berasal dari alam. Proses produksi pulp and paper juga membutuhkan bahan kimia, bahan bakar, serta pemakaian air untuk menunjang kegiatan produksi. Produk yang dihasilkan dari proses produksi berupa produk utama, produk samping, serta emisi (udara, tanah, dan air). Perusahaan berupaya melakukan perbaikan demi terciptanya proses produksi bersih dan berkelanjutan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi keberhasilan dan efektivitas program perbaikan lingkungan pada tahun 2019-2020 melalui Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) serta menentukan rekomendasi program kedepan berdasarkan aspek lingkungan, teknis, dan finansial. Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi potensi dampak yang dihasilkan dari proses produksi pulp dengan batasan cradle to gate. Pendekatan penilaian dampak secara titik tengah (midpoint) menggunakan metode ReCiPe, CML, Cumulative Energy Demand (CED), dan IPCC. Kategori dampak yang dipilih ditentukan berdasarkan PermenLH No. 1 Tahun 2021, terbagi atas dampak primer, sekunder, dan pemakaian energi. Penentuan keberhasilan program perbaikan eksisting didasarkan atas perbandingan penilaian dampak tahun 2019 dengan 2020, apabila dampak lingkungan menurun maka program dikatakan berhasil. Data penilaian dampak juga dijadikan sebagai dasaran dalam menentukan program rekomendasi berdasarkan analisis hotspot, serta peninjauan aspek teknis, finansial, dan lingkungan. Pemilihan program rekomendasi menggunakan pendekatan Analitycal Hierarchy Process (AHP). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan per 1 ton (ADT) produk pulp menyebabkan dampak global warming potential (196,47 kg CO2 eq), penipisan ozon (0,0014 kg CFC11), hujan asam (2,46 kg SO2 eq), eutrofikasi (0,42 kg PO4--- eq), photochemical oxidation (0,14 kg C2H2 eq), toxicity (1,94 kg 1,4-DB eq), water footprint (85,58 m3), land use change (431,37 m2a crop eq), pemakaian energi non-renewable (2.082,30 MJ), dan pemakaian energi renewable (3.431,25 MJ). Jumlah program yang terbukti menurunkan dampak lingkungan sebesar 78,57%. Program rekomendasi perbaikan yang dipilih oleh responden berdasarkan urutan prioritas yaitu Penambahan Oksigen di Unit Lime Kiln, Retrofit Recovery Boiler dengan Pembakaran Tersier dan Kuarter, Minimalisasi Pressure Drop pada ClO2 Plant, dan terakhir Recycle Air dari Clarifier untuk Seal Water Pompa Vakum. =================================================================================================== The production activities of each industry, especially in the pulp and paper sector, require raw materials that come from nature. The pulp and paper production process also requires chemicals, fuel, and water consumption to support production activities. The products resulting from the production process are sales products, by-products, and emissions (air, soil, and water). The company strives to create a clean and sustainable production process. The purpose of this research is to identify the success and effectiveness of environmental improvement programs in 2019-2020 through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and determine future program recommendations based on environmental, technical, and financial aspects. This study identifies the potential impacts resulting from the pulp production process with a cradle to gate limit. The midpoint impact assessment approach uses the ReCiPe, CML, Cumulative Energy Demand (CED), and IPCC methods. The impact category selected is determined based on PermenLH No. 1 of 2021, divided into primary, secondary, and energy use impacts. The determination of the success of the existing improvement program is based on the comparison of the impact assessment in 2019 with 2020, if the environmental impact decreases, the program is said to be successful. Impact assessment data are also used as the basis for determining program recommendations based on hotspot analysis, as well as a review of technical, financial, and environmental aspects. The selection of the recommendation program used the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach. The results showed that per 1 tonne (ADT) of pulp products caused global warming potential (196.47 kg CO2 eq), ozone depletion (0.0014 kg CFC11), acid rain (2.46 kg SO2 eq), eutrophication (0 42 kg PO4--- eq), photochemical oxidation (0.14 kg C2H2 eq), toxicity (1.94 kg 1,4-DB eq), water footprint (85.58 m3), land-use change (431.37 m2a crop eq), non-renewable energy use (2,082.30 MJ), and renewable energy use (3,431.25 MJ). The number of programs that are proven to reduce environmental impact is 78.57%. The improvement program recommendation chosen by the respondents was based on priority order, namely Addition of Oxygen in the Lime Kiln Unit, Retrofit Recovery Boiler with Tertiary and Quaternary Combustion, Minimization of Pressure Drop in ClO2 Plants, and finally Recycle Water from the Clarifier for Seal Water for Vacuum Pumps