The anesthetic effects of intramuscular alfaxalone in dogs premedicated with low-dose medetomidine and/or butorphanol

We aimed to evaluate the induction, anesthesia, and cardiorespiratory effects of intramuscular (IM) anesthetic protocol with alfaxalone following premedication with low-dose medetomidine, butorphanol, or a combination of both (medetomidine-butorphanol) in dogs. Six healthy beagles were administered 1, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg alfaxalone IM following premedication with low-dose medetomidine (5 μg/kg; MA-IM), butorphanol (0.3 mg/kg; BA-IM), or medetomidinebutorphanol (5 μg/kg and 0.3 mg/kg, respectively; MBA-IM). Each dog received 9 treatments with minimum 7-day washout period between treatments. Dogs were allowed to breath room air during anesthetic induction. We attempted endotracheal intubation after alfaxalone administration. Alfaxalone produced a dose-dependent anesthetic effect in each anesthetic protocol. Intubation was achieved in 4 out of 6 dogs that received MA-IM and BA-IM with 2.5 mg/kg alfaxalone and in all dogs that received MBA-IM with 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg alfaxalone. The median durations [minimum-maximum] of accepting intubation were 79 [0-89], 97 [84-120], and 117 [84-217] min, respectively. Hypotension (mean arterial blood pressure <60 mmHg) did not develop, but bradycardia (heart rate <60 beats/min) was observed in all dogs that received the MA-IM and MBA-IM protocols. Severe hypoxemia (percutaneous arterial oxygen saturation