Trade Wars in 21st Century

Carina je definirana kao porez na uvozno dobro, kao trošak zemlje uvoznika te kao državni prihod i instrument zaštite domaće proizvodnje. Svjetska trgovinska organizacija - WTO - predstavlja pravni i institucionalni okvir multilateralnog trgovinskog sustava u području carina, trgovine robom i uslugama te intelektualnog vlasništva. Ona određuje pravila odvijanja trgovine i u njoj sama sudjeluje kako bi se osiguralo što transparentnije tržište roba i usluga. Za rješavanje trgovinskih sporova između zemalja WTO koristi svoje mehanizme - DSM, Dispute Settlement Mechanism. Trgovinski sporovi na kojima je fokus u ovom završnom radu jesu oni najaktualniji u proteklih 20 godina; carine na proizvode kao što su čelik i aluminij, subvencije u trgovini civilnim zrakoplovima, spor o označavanju određene zemlje podrijetla - COOL te spor o pravima intelektualnog vlasništva – TRIPS. Spor o subvencijama u trgovini civilnim zrakoplovima između SAD – a i EU pokrenut je zbog navodnih subvencija koje su EU dodjeljivale Airbus kompaniji. Što se tiče spora koji obuhvaća određene mjere na uvoz proizvoda od čelika i aluminija, usporedno su pokrenuta dva spora s dvije strane – Kanade i Meksika – prema nametima – carinama – prema SAD – u koji ih je primjenjivao. COOL – spor čiji je naglasak na označavanju određenih zemlja podrijetla vodio se između Kanade, SAD – a i Meksika. Posljednji, ali ne manje bitan spor je spor o intelektualnom vlasništvu – TRIPS – između SAD – a i Kine koji je pokrenut 2018. godine, no rad je vijeća tog spora obustavljen do 8. lipnja 2020. godine. Cilj ovog završnog rada jest ukazati na kompleksnog svih procesa i pojava na globalnom tržištu uključujući međunarodnu trgovinu te na kompleksnost u rješavanju trgovinskih sporova putem mehanizama Svjetske trgovinske organizacije.Customs are defined as a tax on imported goods, as a cost of the importing country, and as government revenue and an instrument for protecting domestic production. The World Trade Organization - WTO - represents the legal and institutional framework of the multilateral trading system in the field of customs, trade in goods and intellectual property services. It determines the rules of trade and participates in it itself in order to ensure market for goods and services as transparent as possible. To resolve trade disputes between countries, the WTO uses its own mechanism - DSM, Dispute Settlement Mechanism. The trade disputes that are the focus of this final paper are the most current in the past 20 years; customs on products such as steel and aluminum, subsidies on trade in civil aircraft, dispute over the designation of a particular country of origin - COOL and the intellectual property dispute - TRIPS. The dispute over subsidies in trade in civil aircraft between the US and the EU was raised over alleged subsidies granted by the EU to Airbus. As regards the dispute involving certain measures on imports of steel and aluminum products, two disputes were raised in parallel on two sides - Canada and Mexico - on levies - customs duties - on the United States which applied them. COOL - a dispute whose emphasis is on the designation of certain countries of origin was between Canada, the United States and Mexico. The last, but no less important, dispute is the intellectual property dispute - TRIPS - between the US and China, which was initiated in 2018, but the work of the council of that dispute was suspended until June 8, 2020. The aim of this final paper is to point out the complexity of all processes and phenomena in the global market, including international trade, and the complexity in resolving trade disputes through the mechanisms of the World Trade Organization