Industrial revolution and markets

U ovom radu prikazane su povijesne činjenice, razni izumi, posljedice, mane i vrline prve, druge, treće i četvrte industrijske revolucije. U prvom naslovu ovoga rada opisuje se doba prije revolucije, odnosno predindustrijska revolucija. Ona se može prepoznati kao razdoblje između osnivanja manufaktura u srednjovjekovnim gradovima i baš prave industrijalizacije kasnog 18. stoljeća. U drugoj polovici 18. stoljeća u Engleskoj i čitavoj Europi promijenili su se društveni i gospodarski odnosi koje nazivamo industrijska revolucija. Zatim u radu možemo naći nešto više o prvoj industrijskoj revoluciji. Koja su njena obilježja, koji je to izum tako obilježio Englesku industrijsku revoluciju, pa nakon toga malo više o parnom stroju i njegovom utjecaju na društvo i ekonomiju. Nakon toga dolazimo do druge odnosno tehnološke industrijske revolucije. U tom poglavlju prikazali smo različite izume u proizvodnji željeza i čelika, u prometu, u komunikaciji, u elektroindustriji te u poljoprivrednoj i prehrambenoj industriji. Nakon druge dolazi i treća industrijska revolucija i novi naslov. Ta revolucija se temelji na kompjuterizaciji i većinom korištenju informatike. Kao najvažniji izumi i promjene ove industrijske revolucije navode se pametni softveri, novi materijali, roboti, 3D pisači i još dosta toga što omogućuje Internet. Tokom treće industrijske revolucije u Japanu se razvija sustav Just in time, pa se u radu prikazuje kako se postiže brz protok proizvoda kroz lanac nabave. Četvrta industrijska revolucija je najnovija industrijska revolucija. Ovo razdoblje se još naziva postindustrijsko razdoblje. Četvrta industrijska revolucija se temelji na razvoju softvera s visokom tehnologijom i na robotizaciji, odnosno na digitalizaciji cijele proizvodnje. Razlika između treće i četvrte industrijske revolucije su umjetna inteligencija i podatkovna znanost. Proizvodni procesi u četvrtoj industrijskoj revoluciji još uvijek se nadograđuju, te postoje naznake za petu industrijsku revoluciju. Kod industrijske revolucije u Europi prikazan je BDP po stanovniku kroz šest zemalja prije devetnaestog stoljeća u četiri glavne epizode rasta u određenim gospodarstvima. Također je prikazan i graf s obzirom na današnjicu, graf u kojemu je prikazano koliko, prema DESI-ju , dvadeset i devet zemalja koriste Internet odnosno indeks digitalne ekonomije društva. Prema tom indeksu Republika Hrvatska zauzima 36 četrnaesto mjesto. Na prvom mjestu se nalazi Finska sa indeksom od 11,5, što znači da ljudi u Finskoj koriste najviše interneta usporedno s dvadeset i devet ostalih zemalja koje su promatrane. Na kraju ovog završnog rada je i industrijska revolucija u Hrvatskoj. Obilježja Hrvatske industrijske revolucije promatrana su kroz dvoje faze. U prvoj fazi je cilj razviti radno intenzivne djelatnosti u području proizvodnje potrošnih dobara kako bi se mogla zaposliti radna snaga, te je bio cilj razviti proizvodnju investicijskih dobara. U drugoj fazi značajno se usporavaju industrijski rast i razvoj.This paper presents the historical facts, various inventions, consequences, flaws and virtues of the first, second, third and fourth industrial revolutions. The first title of this paper describes the period before the revolution, ie the pre-industrial revolution. It can be recognized as a period between the establishment of manufactories in medieval cities and the real industrialization of the late 18th century. In the second half of the 18th century, the social and economic relations we call the Industrial Revolution changed in England and throughout Europe. Then in the paper we can find something more about the first industrial revolution. What are its features, what invention marked the English Industrial Revolution, and then a little more about the steam engine and its impact on society and the economy. After that, we come to the second or technological industrial revolution. In this chapter we have presented various inventions in the production of iron and steel, in transport, in communication, in the electrical industry, and in the agricultural and food industries. After the second comes the third industrial revolution and a new title. That revolution is based on computerization and mostly the use of informatics. The most important inventions and changes of this industrial revolution are smart software, new materials, robots, 3D printers and much more that the Internet enables. During the third industrial revolution in Japan, the Just in time system was developed, so the paper shows how to achieve a rapid flow of products through the supply chain. The Fourth Industrial Revolution is the latest industrial revolution. This period is also called the post-industrial period. The fourth industrial revolution is based on the development of high-tech software and robotization, ie the digitalization of entire production. The difference between the third and fourth industrial revolutions are artificial intelligence and data significance. Production processes in the fourth industrial revolution are still being upgraded, there are existing indications for the fifth industrial revolution. In the industrial revolutions in Europe, GDP per capita was shown through six countries before the nineteenth century in four major episodes of growth in certain economies. A graph with regard to today is also shown, a graph showing how many, according to DESI, twenty-nine countries use the Internet, ie the index of the digital 38 economy of society. According to this index, the Republic of Croatia ranks fourteenth. In first place is Finland with an index of 11.5, which means that people in Finland use the most internet compared to the twenty-eight other countries observed. At the end of this final work is the industrial revolution in Croatia. The characteristics of the Croatian Industrial Revolution were observed through two phases. In the first phase, the goal was to develop labor-intensive activities in the field of consumer goods production in order to employ labor, and the goal was to develop the production of capital goods. In the second phase, industrial growth and development are significantly used