Hybrid eulerian-lagrangian approach for dense spray simulations

In this work, a hybrid Euler-Lagrangian solver for dense spray systems is developed specifically for cases where film creation by accumulation of liquid droplets at the walls plays a crucial role. EulerLagrangian solvers are commonly used to describe the spray with predefined spray characteristics. The Lagrangian particles represent liquid drops moving along the continuous gaseous phase. This approach assumes a small particle size compared to the cell size and it is unable to capture the breakup behavior of liquid jets in the presence of instabilities. VOF methods, on the other hand, are not a computationally feasible option when it comes to small droplet sizes as a result of liquid atomization because they have to be fully resolved by the computational mesh. Hence, multiscale simulations are required to bridge the gap between the two methods combining subgrid droplets in Lagrangian approaches and large liquid structures in VOF methods. In the present work, a multiscale approach is developed where Lagrangian particles representing small droplets are tracked through the continuous phase until they hit a wall or a liquid-gas interface represented by a continuous VOF field. At the time of impact, the Lagrangian particles are removed and the mass and momentum of these particles are transferred to the VOF field. This allows having a spray consisting of subgrid droplets computed with a Lagrangian particle tracking (LPT) approach and liquid films at the walls with VOF method. The method represents a one-way coupling, converting Lagrangian particles to Eulerian liquid phase (VOF) and has been implemented into the open-source CFD code OpenFOAM. Subsequently, the solver has been tested in different scenarios to ensure mass and momentum conservation. Positive test results encouraged its use to gain insight on the fluid flow in a real cylindrical compression-dissolution unit where the liquid is sprayed from the top while simultaneously the gas is compressed from the bottom. Dynamic mesh technique is used to account for the compression with a moving piston