Large golden horde cities of the lower volga region and their periphery

The article considers a number of problems of studying the large Golden Horde cities of the Lower Volga and the monuments surrounding them. Attempts are made to economically model the territories under consideration during the Golden Horde time, reconstruct the social appearance of the Lower Volga settlements of this period, and based on numismatic materials conclusions are made about the chronological stages of the development of various groups of monuments. The burial ceremony is characterized; data on Russian and Mordvin population in cities and their regions is given. Attention is paid to the economic connections of the largest cities of the Lower Volga with their regions in the times of the Jochid Empire