Lietuvių etnomuzikologija šimtmečių sandūroje: istorinė apžvalga ir perspektyvos

Pranešime pateikiama Lietuvos etnomuzikologijos mokyklos istorinių ištakų (1880-1909), jos raidos atskirais viso XX amžiaus laikotarpiais apžvalga. Pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas lietuviškųjų šio mokslo sampratų, tyrimo objektų, krypčių apibrėžimui, jų vietos Europos bei pasaulio etnomuzikologijos kontekste nustatymui. Bandoma įžvelgti ir šio mokslo ateities misiją bei viziją tiek nacionalinėje erdvėje, tiek ir tarptautiniame kontekste. Išskiriamos žymiausios šios srities mokslininkų personalijos, įvertinamas asmeninis jų indėlis Lietuvos etnomuzikologijai. Jų tarpe - ir prof, habil. dr. A. Ambrazas, paskelbęs iškilių mokslinių straipsnių ne tik įvairiomis bendrosios muzikologijos temomis, bet ir atskirais etnomuzikologiniais aspektais.The history of scientific research on Lithuanian folk songs is a very important part of the history of the whole Lithuanian ethnic culture. It reflects a number of movements for the protection of Lithuanian national identity, the preservation of our musical folklore throughout the 19th - 20th centuries and at the outset of that still vague 21th century. The article deals with the following historical stages; (a) prehistory (the first individual descriptions and publications before 1825); (b) the first publications of the regional folk songs collections in Lithuania-Minor and Lithuania-Major (1825-1829). During the 19th century, the scientific researches on Lithuanian ethnomusicology were based on: (a) poetic texts of folk songs; (b) melodic lines of folk songs; (c) traditional folk music instruments, and (d) traditional dances (fragmentary). In the second half of the 19th century some scientific organizations engaged in the work of collecting and investigating local traditional culture. The Northwest Section of the Russian Geographical Society (1867-1915) was the best known in this field society in Lithuania - Major. It had published 31 scientific articles on Lithuanian ethnography, verbal and musical folklore in the works of this Section until 1915. In 1907 another significant to us society - the Lithuanian Society of Science (1907-1940) started its activities in Vilnius and Kaunas. In 1938 there were collected about 16300 folk songs, almost 4000 items of verbal folklore (folk fairy-tales, stories, legends, etc.), over 32000 of small verbal folklore: items (riddles, proverbs, sayings), almost 19000 items of folk games, lots and even so called “sorcery” and “witchcraft” descriptions. The first two established institutions were followed by the Lithuanian Folklore Archives and the Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas (1935-1939). In 1939 they had about 400000 Lithuanian folklore items. Among them ranked about 7000 phonograph sound recordings of our folk songs, round games, folk dances. There were published 7 volumes of „Folklore Studies", about 700 pages in each of them. At present we have over 200 items of research papers, over 20 monographies and almost 50 rich Lithuanian folklore collections prepared and written on the basis of the folklore materials amassed by the Lithuanian Folklore Archives abd the Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas. The investigations into Lithuanian folk songs until: 1940 were concentrated on (a) poetic symbols, their meanings and sources; (b) parallels in the poetry of Lithuanian folk songs in neighbouring countries and cultures; (c) all the main peculiarities of melodic lines (one and two-voice songs, their rhythmic formulas, harmony and polyphony structures, melodic intonations, modes, couplet forms); (d) the first steps in the creation of an early terminological system. The main fields of the scientific research on Lithuanian folk songs in the Soviet period (1940-1990) were as follows: (a) the presentation of the originality and general importance of our folk songs in the science of music and history; (b) investigations into the historiography of our folk songs; (c) studies on the poetry of poetic texts of folk songs and the relationship between poetry and melodic lines; (d) genre studies, (e) studies on the modes, keys and structures of melodic intonations; (f) studies on variability and stability; (g) studies on rhythmic structure; (h) versification studies; (i) regional studies; (j) studies on traditional instrumental folk music and ethnochoreology. From 1990 the above mentioned research fields have retained dreir topicality. Among the new themes rank the following: (a) studies on traditional Roman Catholic and Lutheran psalms; (b) relationships between traditional and professional music; (c) contemporary developments and experiments on traditional music folklore (neofolklorism, World-music, etc.); (d) comparative studies in Lithuanian and neighbouring cultures folklore; (e) traditional folklore studies on national minorities in Lithuania; (f) computer aided research on Lithuanian ethnomusicology; (g) studies on Western European, American (etc) ethnomusicology, its history, methods and methodology; (h) new contacts in the sphere of the whole musicology with the worldwide scientific research institutions. New goals for contemporary Lithuanian ethnomusicology: 1. From a historical point of view Lithuanian ethnomusicology has been presented as quite a closed system confining itself to local musical folklore studies orientated to certain Lithuanian ethnic regions. At present, the situation is different - musicology maintains open cultural and intercultural contacts with the neighbouring and even distant states and their cultures. International comparative studies in musical folklore are of great importance, possibly, as part of cultural anthropology or musical anthropology (the terms employed in USA)