Creation of nature in city - the study of the urban development of the Sempione park and other green areas in Milan, Italy

Straipsnyje analizuojama Italijos Milano miesto viešojo Sempione parko (it. Parko Sempione) ir kitų miesto želdynų raida ir plėtotės sprendiniai. Akcentuojama viešųjų miesto parkų kūrimo patirtis ir dėsningumai, kurių pažinimas yra reikšmingas tolesnei miestų želdynų, žaliosios infrastruktūros plėtotei Lietuvoje.This article analyses and provides a review of the development of Sempione Park (it. Parco Sempione; en. Simplon Park), also other green spaces in Milan city, Italy. Sempione Park is a large public park, established in 1890– 1893, it has an overall area of 38.6 hectares (95 acres), and it is located in the historic centre of Milan, near to the Sforza Castle (built in 15th century), and to the Arch of Peace, Arco della Pace (1807–1838; designed and constructed by Italian architect Luigi Cagnola), two of the main landmarks of Milan. The design of the Sempione Park, due to architect and landscape architect Emilio Alemagna (1833– 1910), was conceived with the intent of creating panoramic views encompassing both monuments. A third prominent monument of Sempione Park is the Palazzo dell’Arte (Palace of Art), designed by Giovanni Muzio (1893–1980) and built in 1933, which currently houses the Triennale di Milano and Triennale Design Museum. In the park are the Arena Civico, designed by architect Luigi Canonica (1762–1844) in 1807; the Liberty style building of public Aquarium, designed in 1906 by architect Sebastiano Locati (1861–1939); the Torre Branca tower, built in 1933; the X Triennial Pavilion (1954), converted into a public library. The park hosts permanent sculptures, created by Francesco Barzaghi (1839–1892), Armand Fernandez (1928–2005), Giorgio De Chirico (1888–1978), Antonio Paradiso (b. 1936) and others. A Vertical Forest (Bosco Verticale), designed by architects of Stefano Boeri Studio, and district Porta Nuova with gardens are the examples of nowadays models for urban greenery in Milan, Italy. The first example of the Vertical Forest composed of two residential towers of 110 and 76 m height, hosts 900 trees (each measuring 3, 6 or 9 meters) and over 2000 plants from a wide range of shrubs and floral plants distributed in relation to the façade’s position towards the sun. Vertical Forest is a model for a sustainable residential building, a project for metropolitan reforestation that contributes to the regeneration of the environment and urban biodiversity without the implication of expanding the city upon the territory. It is a model of vertical densification of nature within the city that operates in relation to policies for reforestation and naturalization of large urban and metropolitan borders. Vertical Forest helps to set up an urban ecosystem where different kinds of vegetation create a vertical environment which can also be colonised by birds and insects. Vertical Forest helps to build a micro-climate and to filter dust particles which are present in the urban environment. The diversity of the plants helps to create humidity, and absorb CO2 and dust, produces oxygen, protects people and houses from the sun rays and from acoustic pollution. Park spaces change is dictated not only by urban (anthropogenic), but also natural factors. Plantations grow, flourish, decline. The social and ecological functions of the public parks are changing. Retain the original and primary purpose of artistic expression, composition solutions is not necessarily right direction. Urban public parks change is inevitable in the processes of changing of society attitudes and lifestyles. Heritage protection, management and adaptation to modern needs of society must be balanced. Landscape architect and urbanist must discuss and find ways to justify their proposed solutions of development or reconstruction