Immunodynamics of HIV-1 in genetically diverse cohorts

Introduction: Under the influence of host immune pressures, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) rapidly accumulates and selects mutations that confer survival advantage to the virus. The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) represents one of the major host selection pressures that drive the antigenic evolution of HIV. During the course of infection, the interplay of host and virus factors determines the eventual outcome of the disease as well as the repertoire of predominant viral mutants in a given host milieu. In a globalperspective, this cross-talk between the host and the virus is observed as population-specific amplification of particular HIV subtypes, recombinant forms, or mutation variants. In this sfudy, we focused on the HIV immunogenic protein Gag to analyze a) the association of host immunity and viral genetic variability with disease progression, b) HIV subtype A divergence and epitope evolution at global as well as at population level, and c) co-occurring epitope mutations in Hrv Gag, using a new bioinformatics tool we designed. Methodology: In this study, atotal of 1893 subtype A sequences, from mid-l980s to late 2000s, representing l9 different countries were included for global analysis. For cohort study, we collected l5 Afghan, 50 Kenyan and74 Pakistani HIV positive samples. Using a variety of bioinformatics software, the sequences from HIV-l gag region p24 and p2p7plp6 were analyzed for mutations affecting genetic divergence and epitope evolution (predominantly V303 and T 303 mutation in the Pakistani and Kenyan cohorts, respectively). Subsequently, we focused on the population-specific Gag mutation V303T for invitro analysis. Proteasomal assays followed by mass spectroscopy were performed to evaluate the significance of V303T mutation in epitope processing. The HIV divergence was analyzed using phylogenetic networks and Bayesian Skyline plot, whereas the genomic variability of Gag was measured in terms of G)A substitutions and Shannon entropy. Finally, anew Bioinformatics software, I-CAN (ldentification of Co-occurring dmino acids and Nucleotides), was developed and used to analyze Gag epitope mutations co-occurring with the mutation V303T in Pakistani and Kenyan sequences. Results: In the Kenyan cohort, we observed a linear trend between HIV genomic variability, and high viral load and low CD4 count. Furthermore, certain Gag mutations unique to either Pakistani or Kenyan cohort were observed to affect the epitope processing in a population-specific manner. As a consequence of these mutations, epitope paffern in the two cohorts was uniquely altered. In the global analysis, we observed that the HIV subtype A diverged around mid-90s from Kenya, exhibiting an upward trend in genomic variability that peaked in the last 5 years (2005-2010) of the analysis. A similar trend was also observed in Gag epitopes, where point mutations gave rise to novel Gag epitopes, evolving especially in the years 2005-2010. Finally, using the tool I-CAN, we observed a strong association in certain Gag co-occurring epitope mutations and the patients\u27 HLA types. Conclusion: We observed pattems of population-specific Gag epitopes that appeared to be evolving under selection pressures from the host HLA. Further investigation of these mutations will enhance the understanding of the evolution of HIV under host/population-specific selection pressures. This information will be helpful in designing vaccine and treatment strategies against HIV