Adaptive energy management mechanisms for cluster based routing wireless sensor networks.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology has been one of the major avenues of Internet of Things (IoT) due to their potential role in digitising smart physical environments. WSNs are typically composed of a vast number of low-power, low–cost and multifunctional sensor nodes within an area that automatically cooperate to complete the application task. This emerging technology has already contributed to the advancement of a broad range of applications. Nevertheless, the development of WSNs is a challenging issue due to significant concerns, which need to be resolved to take full benefit of this remarkable technology. One of the main challenges of WSNs is how to reduce the energy consumption of a single node, in order to extend the network lifetime and improves the quality of service. For that reason, a newly design energy efficient communication protocol is required to tackle the issue.The clustering protocols designed for communication are alleged to be one of the most efficient solutions that can contribute to network scalability and energy consumption in WSNs. While different clustering protocols have been proposed to tackle the aforementioned issue, those solutions are either not scalable or do not provide the mechanisms to avoid a heavy loaded area.This thesis presents new adaptive energy management mechanisms, through which the limited critical energy source can be wisely managed so that the WSN application can achieve its intended design goals. Three protocols are introduced to manage the energy use. The first protocol presents an intra-cluster CH rotation approach that reduces the need for the execution of a periodical clustering process. The second protocol relates to load balancing in terms of the intra and inter-cluster communication patterns of clusters of unequal sizes. This proposed approach involves computing a threshold value that, when reached, triggers overall network re-clustering, with the condition that the network will be reconfigured into unequal cluster size. The third protocol proposes new performance factors in relation to CH selection. Based on these factors, the aggregated weight of each node is calculated, and the most suitable CH is selected. A comparison with existing communication protocols reveals that the proposed approaches balance effectively the energy consumption among all sensor nodes and significantly increase the network lifetime