Understanding the relationships between free asparagine concentration in the grain and other traits to breed low-asparagine wheat

Since the discovery of acrylamide in food and the identification of free asparagine as the key determinant of acrylamide concentration in wheat products, our understanding of how grain asparagine content is regulated has improved greatly. However, the targeted reduction of grain asparagine content has not been widely implemented in breeding programmes so far. Here we summarise how free asparagine concentration relates to other quality and agronomic traits and show that these relationships are unlikely to pose major issues for the breeding of low asparagine wheat. We also outline the strategies that are possible for the breeding of low asparagine wheat using both natural and induced variation