Review of Monte Carlo applications in proton cancer therapy

The Monte Carlo method has been applied to many problems in medicine including external beam radiation therapy, radioactive seed therapy, nuclear medicine, radiography, and radiation protection. The technique has been used predominantly for research investigations. However, the recent literature strongly suggests that the Monte Carlo method\u27s historical limitations and the barriers to routine-use clinical implementations are eroding rapidly. In this work, we examine the recent developments and trends in a representative medical specialty: proton beam cancer therapy. In particular, we review the literature, summarize recent progress, and discuss the potential role of the Monte Carlo method in the years to come