Prix de thèse INP Grenoble 2008The study of foundational structures of quantum information processing is a key issue to gain a deeper insight into what quantum computation is in general, its scope and limits. It also contributes to the physical realisation while minimising the resources of quantum computing. The resources consist of the space and times as well as the size of the operations and the amount of entanglement. This thesis contributes in several ways to minimise resources for recently developed models of quantum computation which open new promising perspectives of physical realisation. These models are the one-way quantum computation and the measurement-only quantum computation. This thesis has also permitted to reduce the resour...