The objective of this thesis is to develop a type theory for the linear-algebraic λ-calculus, an extension of λ-calculus motivated by quantum computing. This algebraic extension encompass all the terms of λ-calculus together with their linear combinations, so if t and r are two terms, so is α.t + β.r, with α and β being scalars from a given ring. The key idea and challenge of this thesis was to introduce a type system where the types, in the same way as the terms, form a vectorial space, providing the information about the structure of the normal form of the terms. This thesis presents the system Lineal, and also three intermediate systems, however interesting by themselves: Scalar, Additive and λCA, all of them with their subject reduction...