A multi-compartmental mathematical model of the postprandial human stomach : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anatomy and Physiology at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Computational fluid dynamics of the human stomach helps to understand the gastric processes such as trituration, mixing, and transit of digesta. Their outcomes give greater insight into the design of food and orally dosed drug delivery system. Current models of gastric contractile activity are primarily limited to the gastric antrum and assume global values for the various physiological characteristics. This thesis developed a unified compartmental gastric model with correctly informed anatomical and physiological data. The gastric geometry incorporated the actions of multiple compartments, such as the gastric fundus, body, antrum, pyloric canal, proximal duodenal cap, and the small intestinal brake. Lattice-Boltzmann Method (LBM) is used to simulate the fluid dynamics within the stomach. This thesis quantified the effects of transgastric pressure gradient (TGPG) between the fundus and the duodenum, the effect of antral propagating contraction (APC) amplitude, and the viscosity of the gastric contents on gastric flow, mixing, and gastric emptying. The results of this work suggest that TGPG influences gastric emptying where as APCs do not play major role in gastric emptying. Flow rate without TGPG obtained in this work agrees with previous work (Pal et al., 2004); however, it is higher in the presence of a TGPG. Results show that APCs promote recirculation, and the amplitude of APC is vital in this regard. The 'pendulating' flow of gastric content observed in this work is reported previously in duplex sonography experiments (Hausken et al., 1992). This work quantified the gastric shear rates (0.6 - 2.0 /s). This work also suggests that the viscosity of the content influences gastric fluid dynamics. This work is a simplified first step towards a 3D gastric model. Hence, these simulation studies were performed under two simplifications: dimensionality and rheology, i.e., we have assumed a Newtonian fluid flow in 2D gastric geometry. A 3D gastric model with more rheologically realistic fluid to explore the pseudoplastic fluid dynamics within the stomach in the future is recommended