Green purchasing capabilities and practices towards Firm's triple bottom line in Malaysia

The study has aimed to develop a conceptual framework on green purchasing capabilities and green purchasing practices towards triple bottom line performance in Malaysia's manufacturing firms. The researchers use two stages of methods with a full review of the literature and concepts of green capabilities, practices, and triple bottom line being identified in the first phase. In the second phase, the data were collected through in-depth interviews with vital personnel in the strategic and purchasing decision-making areas of six local ISO 14001 EMS certified companies, dominated by manufacturers from the packaging industry, to verify the concepts explored in phase one. The results signified the consistency between decision-makers and researchers, after being re-classified and re-defined based on the experts' opinions, to develop a conceptual framework of environmental purchasing, which is limited in the body of literature. The study aids academicians and industry practitioners in understanding the concept and structure of green purchasing initiatives in the context of manufacturing firms unambiguously. Future research should explore other capabilities and practice dimensions that will lead to firm performance. Further, studies could include examining the difference of socio-cultural, political, economic, and institutional backgrounds from another country, which might be the critical factors influencing the green purchasing adoption