Manipulation of insect gut microbiota towards the improvement of <i>Bactrocera oleae</i> artificial rearing

Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the main pest of olive trees (Olea europaeaL.), causing major damages in olive crops. Improvement of mass rearing is a prerequisite for the successful development of large-scale sterile insect technique (SIT) applications. This can be achieved through the enrichment of artificial diets with gut bacteria isolates. We assessed the efficiency of three gut bacteria previously isolated fromCeratitis capitata(Wiedemann), and four isolated fromB. oleae, as larval diet additives in both live and inactivated/dead forms. Our results showed that deadEnterobactersp. AA26 increased pupal weight, whereas both live and dead cells increased pupal and adult production and reduced immature developmental time, indicating that its bacterial cells serve as a direct nutrient source. LiveProvidenciasp. AA31 improved pupal and adult production, enhanced male survival under stress conditions, and delayed immature development. DeadProvidenciasp. AA31, however, did not affect production rates, indicating that live bacteria can colonize the insect gut and biosynthesize nutrients essential for larval development. Live and deadBacillussp. 139 increased pupal weight, accelerated immature development, and increased adult survival under stress. Moreover, liveBacillussp. 139 improved adult production, indicating thatBacilluscells are a direct source of nutrients. DeadSerratiasp. 49 increased pupal and adult production and decreased male survival under stress conditions whereas live cells decreased insect production, indicating that the live strain is entomopathogenic, but its dead cells can be utilized as nutrient source.Klebsiella oxytoca,Enterobactersp. 23, andProvidenciasp. 22 decreased pupal and subsequent adult production and were harmful forB. oleae. Our findings indicate that deadEnterobactersp. AA26 is the most promising bacterial isolate for the improvement ofB. oleaemass rearing in support of future SIT or related population suppression programs.