Percutaneous Valve in Valve Implantation for Dysfunctional Bioprosthetic Valves:A Case Report

Percutaneous valve-in-valve therapy is a life-saving procedure for patients at high risk of reoperation due to dysfunctional bioprosthetic valves. We have reviewed 3 typical cases of a valve-in-valve procedure using high-quality images to demonstrate the suitability of this method for aortic, mitral, and tricuspid positions. Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography combined with other modalities such as computerized tomography and fluoroscopy are key elements for anesthesia and procedural guidance, especially as immediate tools to assess valvular function and specific procedure-related complications.