Infant breastfeeding and childhood general, visceral, liver, and pericardial fat measures assessed by magnetic resonance imaging

Background: Although a longer duration of breastfeeding has been associated with a lower risk of childhood obesity, the impact on specific organ fat depots is largely unknown.Objective: We examined the associations of any breastfeeding, duration and exclusiveness of breastfeeding, and of age at introduction of solid foods with measures of general, visceral, and organ adiposity at 10 y.Design: In a population-based prospective cohort study in 4444 children, we obtained information on infant feeding by questionnaires. At the mean age of 9.8 y, we estimated body mass index from height and weight; fat mass index and fat-free mass index by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; and visceral fat index, pericardial fat index, and liver fat fraction by MRI. MRI scans were performed in a subgroup of 2646 children.Results: After adjustment for age and sex, we observed associations of infant feeding with all general, visceral, and organ fat outcomes, except for pericardial fat index, at the age of 10 y. After further adjustment for family-based sociodemographic, maternal lifestyle-related, and childhood factors, only the associations of shorter breastfeeding duration and nonexclusive breastfeeding with a lower fat-free mass index remained significant (P <0.05). The associations of infant feeding with visceral fat index and liver fat fraction were attenuated to nonsignificant. Maternal education was found to be the strongest confounder.Conclusion: Our results suggest that the assoiations of any breastfeeding, duration and exclusiveness of breastfeeding, and age at the introduction of solid foods with general, visceral, and organ fat measures at the age of 10 y are largely explained by family-based sociodemographic factors.